Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public HealthBulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health2415-84102415-8429FSSBI «N.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health»2508Материалы конференцииR. K. Chailakhyan and bone marrow stem cells: discovery, stages of study and application in clinicKuralesovaA. I.alla.kuralesova@yandex.ruGroshevaA. G.alla-grosheva@yandex.ruGerasimovYu. V.yugerasimov0521@yandex.ruGenkinaE. N.genkina.h@list.ruVorobievaN. N.natalie.vorobieva@gmail.comN. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian FederationInstitute of Photon Technologies, Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics”, Russian Academy of Sciences15122022414314725112022Copyright © 2022,2022The article is dedicated to the 85th anniversary of Ruben Karpovich Chailakhyan, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, an outstanding scientist, who has been heading the laboratory of stromal regulation of immunity for more than 25 years at the Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya. Thanks to the method of selective cloning of cells in monolayer cultures developed by Chailakhyan, stem stromal cells of the bone marrow were discovered. Number of cells has been determined, properties, differentiation and proliferative features have been studied. Reverse transplantation of monoclonal diploid strains into the body revealed a category of stem stromal progenitor cells responsible for organizing the hematopoietic and lymphoid microenvironment, providing the formation of hematopoietic and immune organs. These cells represent an independent cell line, histogenetically independent of hematopoietic stem cells. They are pluripotent and, when transplanted back into the body, provide the formation of bone, cartilage, reticular and adipose tissues. The resulting bone tissue is complete and suitable for repopulation by hematopoietic cells, which leads to the formation of a bone marrow organ. The reticular tissue of splenic fibroblasts provides the formation of a stroma that supports the differentiation of B cells to antibody-forming ones. The discovery of bone marrow stromal stem cells, data on their differentiation and proliferative potential formed the basis for the concept of hematopoietic microenvironment, which has international recognition. R. K. Chailakhyan is one of the authors of this concept. The research results are of fundamental importance in the development of cell technologies and tissue engineering for regenerative medicine. The created experimental model of restoring the integrity of bone tissue made it possible to introduce into the clinic a method for replacing bone defects by autotransplantation of osteogenic bone marrow cells grown outside the body. The method of restoring hyaline cartilage in chondropathy caused by trauma to the knee or large joints is based on the same biotechnological principle. Priority is given to data on the use of autologous bone marrow stromal stem cells tissue-engineered constructs that replace the rupture of the Achilles tendon and ensure complete regeneration of the tendon tissue. In order to optimize the terms of treatment and rehabilitation of patients, work is currently underway to find factors (laser exposure, EHF radiation, etc.) that stimulate the formation of the number of bone marrow cells required for autotransplantation, cultured outside the body.bone marrow stromal stem cellsautotransplantationmonolayer culturesmonoclonal diploid strainshematopoietic microenvironmentpractical applicationстволовые стромальные клетки костного мозгааутотрансплантациямонослойные культурымоноклональные диплоидные штаммыкроветворное микроокружениепрактическое применение1.Чайлахян Р. К., Лалыкина К. С. Спонтанная и индуцированная дифференцировка костной ткани в популяции фиброблатоподобных клеток, полученных из длительных монослойных культур костного мозга и селезенки. ДАН СССР. 1969; 187 (2): 473-479.2.Friedenstein A. J., Chailakhyan R. K., Lalykina K. S. The development of fibroblast colonies in monolayer cultures of guinea-pig bone marrow and spleen cells. Cell tissue kinet. 1970; 3: 393-403.3.Friedenstein A. J., Ivanov-Smolenski A. A., Chajlakjan R. K., Gorskaya U. F., Kuralesova A. I., Latzinik N. V., Gerasimow U. V. Origin of bone marrow stromal mechanocytes in radiochimeras and heterotopic transplants. Exp Hematol. 1978 May; 6(5): 440-4.4.Чайлахян Р. К., Герасимов Ю. В. Стволовые стромальные клетки костного мозга: экспериментальные исследования и применение. Медицинская иммунология. 2004; 6(3-5): 201-205.5.Фриденштейн А. Я., Лациник Н. В., Куралесова А. И., Чайлахян Р. К. и др. Клетки - переносчики кроветворного микроокружения. 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Лечение несросшихся переломов ложных суставов и дефектов длинных костей трансплантацией аутологичных костномозговых фибробластов, выращенных in vitro и имплантированных в АГМ. Ортопедия, травматология и протезирование. 1987; 9: 59-61.10.Chailakhyan, R.K., Kon, E., Shekhter, A.B. et al. Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells provide complete regeneration in a rabbit model of the Achilles tendon bundle rupture.International Orthopaedics (SICOT); 45, 3263-3276 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-021-05168-1.11.Chailakhyan R. K. , Gerasimov Yu. V., Chailakhyan M. R., Galoyan Armen A. Proline-rich hypothalamic polypeptide has opposite effects on the proliferation of human normal bone marrow stromal cells and human giant-cell tumour stromal cells. Neurochem Res. 2010. Jun; 35(6): 934-939. doi: 10.1007/s11064-009-0113-7. Epub 2010 Jan 20.