Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public HealthBulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health2415-84102415-8429FSSBI «N.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health»268410.69541/10.69541/NRIPH.2025.01.009НеопределенEffectiveness of gender-affirming interventions in improving psychosocial indicators in individuals with gender incongruence: a cross-sectional study on a Russian sampleKirey-SitnikovaYanayana.kirey.sitnikova@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9603-5114N. A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health020420251586321042025Copyright © 2025, N. A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health2025<p>Effectiveness of gender-affirming medical and legal interventions in improving psychosocial indicators in individuals with gender incongruence has been shown in a large number of international studies. However, they suffer from a number methodological problems such as the failure to indicate the type of intervention and take into consideration the possible effects of other interventions and social factors. Materials and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study on a Russian sample of individuals with gender incongruence using an online survey featuring the following sections: demographic and social factors, medical and legal gender-affirming interventions, and the Gender Congruence and Life Satisfaction Scale (GCLS). Means and correlation with GCLS found for continuous variables. Compared GCLS means for respondents who had and had not (but wanted to) undergone interventions. Built linear regression models with GCLS as a dependent variable and all others as independent. Results. Age, social support, and differences between baseline and current and between current and ideal appearance correlated with GCLS in a statistically significant manner. Legal gender recognition and vaginoplasty were effective in improving GCLS outcomes among the respondents assigned male at birth; legal gender recognition, hormone-replacement therapy, hysterectomy, and mastectomy among those assigned female at birth. Linear regression models reaffirmed the importance of social support and the difference between current and ideal appearance in the whole sample; vaginoplasty among the respondents assigned female at birth; legal gender recognition among the respondents assigned female at birth; other results were mixed. Discussion. The chosen design helped to demonstrate the synergetic effect of combining gender-affirming interventions, which can be different from their effectivenesses when considered alone. Conclusions. 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