Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public HealthBulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health2415-84102415-8429FSSBI «N.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health»284910.69541/NRIPH.2024.03.021Научная статьяAlexander Schmidt and his scientific school: studying the physiology of blood coagulationSergeevaMaria S.sergeeva_m_s@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2027-4020I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)01102024313814327052025Copyright © 2025,2025<p>In the second half of the 19th century, the study of blood physiology became one of the leading experimental areas, whose relevance had been associated not only with the emergence of new research methods, but also with the growing popularity of blood transfusion in clinical practice. However, the widespread use of the blood transfusion practice was impossible without solving the problem of thrombosis. Patient safety required a detailed study of the causes of blood clotting and the search for effective methods to overcome it. A comprehensive understanding of this process was proposed by the University of Dorpat professor Alexander Schmidt, who created the enzymatic theory of thrombosis, and his students (Jakovitsky, Sachsendahl, Khler, Birk and others), studied the formation, content and action of the fibrin enzyme in a living organism. They managed to prove the multistage nature of the blood coagulation process, to explain the mechanism of its internal regulation in a living organism and to describe the pathology of blood transfusion. Studying the contribution of Schmidts scientific school to improving scientific ideas about the mechanism of coagulation, the safety of blood transfusion and the methodology of experimental physiological research in general became the purpose of this article.<br /><br /></p>blood transfusioncoagulationfibrinfibrin enzymeAlexander Schmidtгемотрансфузиякоагуляцияфибринфермент фибринАлександр Шмидт1.Sergeeva M.S. Development of devices and methods of blood transfusion and their application in medicine in the 19th century. In the collection: Materials of the International Conference of the Russian National Committee on the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology. S.I.Vavilov RAS. Materials of the International Conference. [V sbornike: Materialy Mezhdunarodnoj konferencii Rossijskogo nacional'nogo komiteta po istorii i filosofii nauki i tekhniki RAN, posvyashchennoj 90-letiyu Instituta istorii estestvoznaniya i tekhniki im. S.I.Vavilova RAN. Materialy Mezhdunarodnoj konferencii]. Moscow, Saint Petersburg; 2022. Pp. 217−220 (in Russian).2.3.Owen Ch.A. A history of blood coagulation. Rochester, Minnesota: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research 2001.4.5.Pelis K. Blood clots: the nineteenth-century debate over the substance and means of transfusion in Britain. Ann. Sci. 1997;54(4):331—360.6.7.Schmidt A. Neue Untersuchungen über die Faserstoffgerinnung. Pfluegers Arch. 1872;(6):413—538.8.9.Halliburton W.D. On the Nature of Fibrin-Ferment. J Physiol. 1888;9(4):229—86.10.11.Naunyn B.I. Untersuchungen über Blutgerinnung im lebenden Thiere und ihre Folgen. Archiv f. experiment. Pathol. u. Pharmakol. 1873;1(1):1—17.12.13.Sergeeva M.S., Panova E.L. Blood transfusions for the wounded: promising method of battlefield surgery or utopia of the mid-1870s? History of Medicine. [Istoriya meditsiny]. 2021;7(2):133—139 (in Russian). doi: 10.17720/2409—5583.t7.2.2021.02b14.15.Jakowicki A. Zur physiologischen Wirkung der Bluttransfusion. Dorpat; 1875.16.17.Köhler A.A. Ueber Trombose und Transfusion, Eiter- und septische Infection und deren Beziehung zum Fibrinferment. Dorpat; 1877.18.19.Edelberg M. Ueber die Wirkungen des Fibrinfermentes im Organismus. Archiv f. experiment. Pathol. u. Pharmakol. 1880;12(4): 283—333.20.21.Bojanus N.K. Experimentelle Beiträge zur Physiologie und Pathologie des Blutes der Säugetliiere. Dorpat; 1881.22.23.Sachsendahl J. Ueber gelöstes Hämoglobin im circulirenden Blute. Dorpat; 1880.24.25.Grawitz E. Klinische Pathologie des Blutes. Berlin; 1896.26.27.Sergeeva M.S. The First World War as a new stage in the history of blood transfusion. Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health [Byulleten' Nacional'nogo nauchno-issledovatel'skogo instituta obshchestvennogo zdorov'ya imeni N.A.Semashko]. 2023;(2):122−126 (in Russian).28.29.Birk L.J. Das Fibrinferment im lebenden Organismus. Dorpat; 1880.30.31.Schmidt А. Zur Blutlehre. Leipzig: F.C.W.Vogel; 1892.32.33.Morawitz P. Die Chemie der Blutgerinnung. Ergeb Physiol. 1905;4(1):307—422.