Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public HealthBulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health2415-84102415-8429FSSBI «N.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health»300910.25742/NRIPH.2023.02.018Научная статьяThe First World War as a new stage in the history of blood transfusionSergeevaMarya S.sergeeva_m_s@staff.sechenov.ruI. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation15122023212212616102025Copyright © 2023,2023Despite the popularity that the idea of blood transfusion gained in the 1860s and 1870s, this procedure entered the list of emergency care for acute blood loss only during the First World War. The uncertainty of doctors as a result of transfusion was a consequence of the lack of scientific knowledge about the biochemical and physiological properties of blood. The main problems in the clinical application of this technique were associated with blood clotting and the unpredictability of the result. The spread of xenotransfusion in the 1870s drew the attention of doctors to the existence of interspecies and group incompatibility of blood. The development of the ideas about the mechanism of hemorrhage in the 1880s stimulated the study of saline solutions as a safe and effective alternative to blood. The discovery of the enzymatic nature of blood coagulation stimulated a directed search for chemical blood preservatives. Thus, by the beginning of the First World War, there were two scientifically based methods of dealing with massive blood loss: transfusion of canned blood and infusion of saline solutions. However, the first experience of the infusion of saline solutions on the battlefield confirmed the benefits of blood transfusion, especially with the compatibility of the blood group.blood transfusion, agglutination, preservation, sodium citrate, salineпереливание крови, агглютинация, консервация, цитрат натрия, физиологический раствор1.Gesellius F. Zur Tierblut-Transfusion beim Menschen. Saint Petersburg: E. Hoppe, 1874.2.Roux FA, Saï P, Deschamps J-Y. Xenotransfusions, past and present. Xenotransplantation. 2007;14(3):208—216. doi: 10.1111 j.1399-3089.2007.00404.x3.Maluf NSR. History of Blood Transfusion. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 1954;IX(1):59—107. doi: 10.1093_jhmas_ix.1.594.Bordet J. Sur le mode d’action des autitoxines sur les toxines. Annales de l’Institut Pasteur. 1903;17:161—186.5.Zimmerman LM, Howell KM. History of blood transfusion. Annals of Medical History. 1932;4(5):415—433.6.Иванов Д. О., Петренко Ю. В. Этапы истории переливания крови в акушерстве и педиатрии. Проблемы женского здоровья. 2012;7(2):79—87.7.Epstein AA, Ottenberg R. «A simple method of performing serum reactions». Proc NY Pathol. Soc. 1908;8:117—123.8.Von Bergmann E. Die Schicksale der Transfusion im Letzten Decennium. Berlin: V. A. Hirschwald, 1883.9.Сергеева М. С., Панова Е. Л. Переливание крови раненым — перспективный метод военно-полевой хирургии или утопия середины 1870-х годов? История медицины. 2021;7(2):133—139. doi: 10.17720/2409-5583.t7.2.2021.02b10.Schmidt A. Die Lehre von den fermentativen Gerinmunpsarscheinungen in den eiweissartigen thierischen Körperflüssigkeiten. Dorpat: Verlag von C. Mattiesen; 1876.11.Чурилов Л. П., Утехин В. И. Человек и феномен: к 150-летию со дня рождения Николя-Мориса Артюса. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Медицина. 2012;3:171—186.12.Sergeeva M., Panova Е. The studies of blood transfusion and the attempts of its implementation into medical practice in 1800—1875: the fate of J.-A. Roussel’s device in Russia. Medicina Historica. 2020;4(2):e2020003. URL: https://mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/MedHistor/article/view/931913.García GO. La Primera Guerra Mundial: el amanecer de las transfusiones sanguíneas. Sanid. mil. 2019;75(1):52—62. doi: 10.4321/S1887-8571201900010000914.Wright AE. Remarks on methods of increasing and diminishing the coagulability of the blood, with special reference to their therapeutic employment. British Medical Journal. 1894;(2):57—61.15.Learoyd P. The history of blood transfusion prior to the 20th century-part 2. Transfusion Medicine. 2012;22(6):372—376. doi: 10.1111j.1365-3148.2012.01189.x16.Pelis K. Blood Standards and Failed Fluids: Clinic, Lab, and Transfusion Solutions in London, 1868—1916. History of Science. 2001;39(2):185—213. doi: 10.1177/00732753010390020317.Отт Д. О. О влиянии на обескровленный организм вливания раствора поваренной соли и сравнение его действия с другими употребляемыми для трансфузии жидкостями. Спб.: Типография Я. Трей, 1884.18.Bull WT. On the intravenous injection of saline as a substitute for the transfusion of blood. Medical Record. 1884;25:6—8.19.Rous P, Turner JR. «The preservation of living red blood cells in vitro». J Exp Med, 1916;23:219—248.20.Robertson OH. «A method of citrated blood transfusion». BMJ. 1918;1(2991):477—479.