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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1d1" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2415-8410</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2415-8429</issn><publisher><publisher-name>FSSBI «N.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">3126</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.69541/NRIPH.2026.01.023</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Научная статья</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Types of regulation of apothecary activity in medieval Europe. Report 1. Emergence of professional Standards for apothecaries’ conduct</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Volskaya</surname><given-names>Elena Alekseevna</given-names></name><bio></bio><email>vols-elena@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff-1">N. A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health, 105064, Moscow, Russian Federation</aff><pub-date date-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><issue>1</issue><fpage>143</fpage><lpage>149</lpage><history><pub-date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-25"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 1970,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>1970</copyright-year></permissions><abstract>The first part of the article is devoted to decentralized types for regulating pharmaceutical activities in medieval Europe. Despite the disunity of cities in the 12–15th centuries, they introduced similar regulatory norms, going back to the Sicilian Constitutions and the Edict of Salerno of Emperor Frederick II. In the cities of central and northern Europe, the implementation of regulatory norms was based on the personal responsibility of pharmacists to the authorities. In the southern territories, corporate governance through guilds was more commonly used. This message shows the features, similarities and differences of such types of regulation as pharmacy regulations, oaths of apothecary, apothecaries’ service letters and privileges.</abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>apothecary</kwd><kwd>pharmacy</kwd><kwd>regulation</kwd><kwd>oath of apothecaries</kwd><kwd>Middle Ages</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аптекарь</kwd><kwd>аптека</kwd><kwd>регулирование</kwd><kwd>клятвы аптекарей</kwd><kwd>средневековье</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Stürner W. Die Konstitutionen Friedrichs II. für das Königreich Sizilien. 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