The article is devoted to the activities of the zemstvo medical institutions of the Voronezh province in the second half of the XIX century to combat cholera, which for seven years occupied one of the most significant places in the structure of infectious diseases in the region during this period. Based on the reports of the Voronezh Provincial Zemstvo and the Medical Department, the effectiveness of the adopted resolutions at the local level contributing to the elimination of cholera is analyzed, data on the morbidity and mortality of the population from cholera in these years are calculated. In contrast to the literature data, new indicators of morbidity and mortality from cholera in the Voronezh province have been established on the basis of archival sources. It is proved that, unlike the cholera epidemic raging in Russia, the Voronezh Province managed to localize the outbreak of infection in 1865,1870,1872,1893 with the measures carried out and prevent its large-scale spread. It is shown that the reason for the introduction of the Vibrio cholera bacterium in 1892 to the Voronezh province was the mass migration of peasants to the Caucasus to the foci of infection and back, due to famine in their homeland. The chronological framework of the study was determined by the thirty years 1865 — 1893. The beginning — 1865, the Voronezh Provincial Zemstvo Assembly was convened for the first time; the end: 1893 — the end of the epidemic.