No 3 (2021)

Full Issue

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Articles
ACADEMICIAN ZACHARY FRENKEL: DRAMAS AND LESSONS OF ZEMSTVO EPIDEMIOLOGY (50 YEARS SINCE HIS DEATH)
Shcherbo A.P.
Abstract
The article presents information about the first years of the future academician's work as a doctor at the Obukhov Hospital in St. Petersburg, where his social work as a novice social democrat also began. Then - as a zemstvo doctor in Novaya Ladoga, where epidemics of smallpox, cholera and other infectious diseases raged. The dramatic episodes of his heroic struggle against epidemics, instructive for the present time, are presented. In the difficult conditions of the active opposition of the local population to vaccinations against smallpox, the young doctor himself suffered from smallpox, but still managed to organize a successful vaccination work in his county. The situation with the incidence of cholera was very difficult in the county. Cholera outbreaks were recorded along the waterways. There were workers who settled there, servicing the movement of goods by water. Frenkel also devoted his first scientific publications to the experience of fighting epidemics.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):4-9
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FROM THE HISTORY OF THE FIGHT WITH THE SPANISH DISEASE IN SOVIET RUSSIA
Vasyliev K.K., Vasylieva O.G.
Abstract
The article discusses the issues of combating the Spanish flu (influenza virus A/H1N1 1918), which were developed at the first congresses of bacteriologists, epidemiologists and sanitary doctors of Soviet Russia. It has been established that at the first three of these Congresses there were questions about the Spanish flu in the programs. These three Congresses took place in October 1918, in April and October 1919. All took place in Moscow. To participate in the work of these congresses, the People's Commissariat of Health of Soviet Russia was able to attract part of the then domestic scientific medical elite. At the congresses, P.N. Diatroptov and E.I. Martsinovsky (Moscow), S.I. Zlatogorov (Petrograd), A.I. Berdnikov (Saratov) and others made presentation on the Spanish flu. It is shown that the resolutions adopted by these congresses were subsequently taken into account in the activities of the People's Commissariat of Health.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):10-15
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PLAGUE IN KIEV (1770-1772)
Gamaliia V.N., Ruda S.P.
Abstract
The article is devoted to the description of the brutal plague epidemic that took place in Kiev in the second half of the XVIII century. The history of this disease and the way of its expansion in Europe is described. The authors consider the actions of the authorities aimed preventing the spread of the plague, as well as eliminating its consequences. The role of the first native epidemiologists in the development and application of anti-epidemic measures (quarantine houses, outposts, disinfection) is shown, as a result of which the death rate from plague in a large city was relatively low. The contribution of D.S. Samoilovich, I.A. Poletika, A.F. Shafonsky and other physicians in the study of the etiology of the disease and the development of ways to prevent it is emphasized. The interrelation of events related to the history of the fight against plague at the end of the XVIII century on the territory of the Russian Empire and the current epidemiological situation in the world is analyzed. As a result of the assessment, a conclusion was made about the natural acceleration of the process of the occurrence of pandemics and epidemics today.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):16-21
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SPANISH FLU IN RUSSIA (1918-1921)
Spasennikov B.A.
Abstract
In the history of mankind, the "Spanish flu" ("Spanish" flu) in terms of the number of cases, deaths, was the most severe epidemic of the influenza virus. In the national history of medicine, the epidemics of "Spanish flu", cholera, typhus (1918-1921), in terms of the number of sick and dead, were one of the most tragic pages. The scientific literature on the Spanish flu epidemic is rather modest in volume due to a number of objective reasons. According to the author, in order to understand the complex of reasons why the Spanish flu epidemic was the most severe flu epidemic in the history of Russia, which claimed the lives of up to two million people (the exact number of sick and dead in 1918-1921 will never be calculated), and millions of sick people were deprived of access to medical care, it is necessary to realize the scale of the social catastrophe that took place in the country in 1917-1923. The author reveals the relationship between this social catastrophe and the Spanish flu epidemic. Military actions during the Civil War in our country were accompanied by mass mobilization into the ranks of the Red Army, a flow of volunteers into the White Army, as well as the emergence of large partisan detachments and bands, acting under various pseudo-political cover; migration of tens of millions of refugees who fled from the Soviet regime, hunger, violence, pogroms, robberies, from devastated cities and towns, villages and villages. All this contributed to the rapid spread of the Spanish flu virus and other infectious diseases. Neither the Reds nor the Whites had significant organizational and financial resources, medical personnel and public support in the fight against the Spanish flu epidemic. All the forces of the parties to the military conflict went to confrontation in the bloody Civil War. All this did not make it possible to create a unified system of counteracting the Spanish flu epidemic.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):22-31
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EXPERIENCE OF THE CONTROL OF ACUTE CHILDHOOD INFECTIONS IN THE SOVIET RUSSIA (1930-1940)
Albitskiy V.Y., Sher S.A.
Abstract
The article presents the results of a historical and medical study showing a high morbidity of measles, diphtheria, scarlet fever and mortality from them among the child population in the Soviet Russia (1930-1940) and reflecting control measures of them. Analysis of archival medical documents of the People's Commissariat of Public Health of the USSR and scientific works of scientists of the Soviet and post-Soviet period testifies to the difficult situation with acute childhood infections in the 1930s. Studies of pathogenesis, therapy, preventive measures for these childhood infections, the development of specific antitoxic serums had made it possible to increase the effectiveness of the treatment. Nevertheless, the level of morbidity and mortality from measles, diphtheria and scarlet fever increased by 1940. This fact could be explained, first of all, by the increase in the birth rate in the country as a result of the adoption of the law banning abortion in 1936, and secondly, by the expansion of the nursery network over the period 1937-1940, which contributed to an increase in contacts between organized children and their contamination. This situation required further scientific research, improvement of therapeutic and prophylactic measures to prevent epidemics of childhood infections.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):32-37
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PANDEMICS IN THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION IN THE XIV-XX CENTURIES
Matveev R.S., Denisova T.G., Kozyreva L.L., Sidorov A.E., Viktorov O.N.
Abstract
In the ancient cities of the Volga Bulgaria, they knew about the possible contamination of infectious diseases by contact, there was a quarantine system for traders arriving at the Aga Bazaar fair, travelers, and wanderers. They were isolated in hospice houses for a certain period or removed from the settlement into the forest. In 1236 the large feudal state of the Volga Bulgaria was destroyed.Plague, smallpox, measles, scarlet fever, typhus and relapsing fever, diphtheria, and trachoma were frequent epidemics on the territory of the Middle Volga. They raged unhindered from ancient times to the twentieth century. The fight against epidemics of infectious diseases began in the Soviet period. For this, infectious beds were created to isolate patients from healthy ones, infectious disease doctors were trained to carry out anti-epidemiological work. Disease prevention was carried out among the population: vaccinations, vaccinations, health education of people to combat infectious diseases.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):38-45
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PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZING ANTI-EPIDEMIC MEASURES AGAINST FORCED MIGRANTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF JEWISH REFUGEES IN THE CHERNIHIV PROVINCE OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (1915)
Zlatina M.A.
Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of the range of problems faced by charitable public organizations that provide assistance to refugees and evictees, when organizing measures aimed at preventing outbreaks of infectious diseases among forced migrants. As an illustrative example, we study the experience of providing sanitary and epidemiological assistance to Jewish evictees in the Chernihiv province (1915). This study revealed a number of problems that hinder the successful solution of the problem of preventing outbreaks of the epidemic among forced migrants: poor awareness of the local administration about the sanitary and epidemiological situation in which the forced migrants lived. Uncoordinated work of charitable public organizations similar in their roles, which, by their uncoordinated actions and pulling the blanket over themselves, did not contribute to the successful solution of the tasks set. The unresolved "housing problem", which led to the crowding of a large number of forced migrants in rooms that are often not suitable for habitation, as a result, unsanitary conditions and favorable soil for outbreaks of epidemics. Only a quick solution to the problem of the lack of money and medicines could allow us to successfully solve the issues of organizing anti-epidemic measures against forced migrants. The article also notes the fact that in the first months of the First World War, while the phenomenon of refugees did not acquire the scale of a catastrophe, special attention was not paid to the problem of preventing epidemics among forced migrants. The situation changed in the summer of 1915, when there was a threat of an epidemiological nature.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):46-53
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SOCIAL HEALTH OF THE RUSSIAN POPULATION UNDER THE THREAT OF COVID-19
Vlasova V.N.
Abstract
Instability, uncertainty, risk - these words are increasingly accompanying the life of a modern person. The existing risk space transforms social reality, which causes a response to these changes on the part of people - their everyday life, social behavior is transformed, and attitudes are changing. At present, researchers pay great attention to the reactions of the population to a risk-generating environment. This problematic field has become especially relevant in the last year, when the world is faced with a new coronavirus infection, and the life of every person has changed. Within the framework of this work, the authors turn to such an aspect of human life as social health. The material analyzed by the author on the problematic field of the study allowed us to draw conclusions: in the situation with the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection, the risk caused a more careful attitude of people towards their health, made them experience a huge range of feelings and emotions, contributed to adaptation to the situation of coronavirus - people transformed their lives to a new reality , and also experienced psychological fatigue from the pandemic, and the majority of the Russian population began to turn on an information filter for negative information about the pandemic.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):54-59
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THE EPIDEMIC OF EBOLA IN WESTERN AFRICA (2014-2015): HISTORY AND SOCIAL CONTEXT
Mikhel D.V.
Abstract
This article discusses the history and social context of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa, which lasted from February 2014 to December 2015. In scale, it was one of the largest epidemics of the pre-COVID era. Killing more than 11,000 people, the epidemic triggered panic reactions around the world. The epidemic developed most dramatically in Sierra Leone, a country rich in natural resources but with poor governance and dilapidated health care. When word of Ebola spread outside the country, international humanitarian organizations got involved in the fight against the epidemic, but their help was clearly insufficient. The Ebola epidemic had serious social consequences in Sierra Leone. More than 10,000 people have fallen victim to the deadly virus, and the country's economy, health care and education system have been severely damaged. The epidemic also revealed a high degree of mistrust between the population and the authorities, demonstrating the need for a more effective system of epidemic control.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):60-65
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COMPETITIVE ADMISSION SYSTEM AND TRAJECTORIES OF HIGHER MEDICAL EDUCATION IN FRANCE
Ershov A.E., Sorokina T.S.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated many problems and outlined new challenges in the field of medical education, including improving the quality of student admission in medical universities and the formation of optimal trajectories of medical education. The paper analyzes the peculiarities of reforms in the field of secondary and higher education in France. On the example of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Montpellier the following aspects were analyzed: the competitive selection of medical students after the successful completion of the first course based on the results of examinations and the ratings of students; the timing and learning trajectories in the main medical specialties: General Medicine (Médecine), Pharmacy (Pharmacie), Dentistry (Odontologie), Obstetrics and Gynecology (Maïeutique) during three training cycles, as well as in narrow specializations. A comparative analysis of the French and Russian traditions in the field of higher medical education was carried out.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):66-73
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MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION FOR STUDYING THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS: XIX-XXI CENTURIES
Kulpanovich О.A.
Abstract
The publication is devoted to comprehending the experience of meteorological observations and research of the XIX-XXI centuries from a medical point of view. This contributes to the growth of scientific knowledge and practices, the solution of the problems facing the society and challenges of civilization. The analysis of sources testifies to the scientific and practical importance of understanding and using weather and climatic factors in prevention and treatment. The role of physicians (doctors, medical scientists, paramedics and pharmacists) of Belarus in the creation of a single civilizational space has been updated. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the problem field of meteorology began to grasp the issues of balneology, pulmonology, and virology. Numerous facts are presented that indicate that representatives of Belarusian medicine make a significant contribution to solving problems of climatology, balneology, ecology and the environment. This was expressed in the form of a variety of activities, unique research and publications (popular science and strictly academic). Questions of the influence of weather factors on the body are reflected in monographs and dissertations. These studies are an analysis of information about diseases, about, meteorological conditions of the area. Doctors formulated recommendations for the correct behavior of people in each specific natural situation. Now this is called the prevention of meteotropic reactions. The prescriptions of the researchers coincided with the opinions of reputable European doctors and scientists.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):74-79
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DEFINITION OF SOME TERMS IN PUBLIC HEALTH THEORY AND ORGANIZATION OF HEALTHCARE
Spasennikov B.A., Kolomiychenko M.E., Markovina I.Y.
Abstract
The equivalence of the terminology for the Public Health Science and Healthcare in Russian and English for the integration of Russian Science into the World (English-speaking) Science is becoming urgent. The authors researched the most significant terms in this field. Based on the analysis made the authors present their own definitions or edited versions of definitions borrowed from other sources. It is believed that the discussion presented could promote the integration of Russian Public Health and Healthcare Research into the Global Science.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):80-87
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VARIABILITY OF FORMULATING CLINICAL DIAGNOSES AND THEIR CODING BY ICD-Х IN DIVISIONS OF DIFFERENT PROFILE
Berseneva E.A., Mikhaylov D.Y.
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis is the basis for the provision of medical care to the population, therefore its competent formulation and subsequent coding is a fundamentally important task. The article presents the features of the formulation of a clinical diagnosis and its coding according to the International Classification of Diseases of the 10th revision by a traditional and automated method in various departments of the Clinical Hospital FKUZ "Medical Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in Moscow". It has been shown that the spectrum and incidence of clinical diagnoses belonging to various headings of the International Classification of Diseases of the 10th revision vary depending on the profile of the department. Doctors of specialized departments are "familiar" with fewer diagnoses compared to doctors of multidisciplinary departments, therefore they have difficulty in coding "unfamiliar", non-profile diagnoses, which leads to a high frequency of errors when choosing a diagnosis code. The use of an automated diagnostic coding system significantly reduces the time spent on coding, is accompanied by a significantly smaller number of errors and allows coding diagnoses from any headings of the International Classification of Diseases of the 10th revision.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):88-95
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ORGANIZATION OF COMPREHENSIVE SUPPORT FOR THE PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY OF AGING DOCTORS
Yakushin M.A., Gorenkov R.V., Yarotsky S.Y., Vasilieva T.P., Makarova E.V., Allenov A.M., Reshetnikova P.I., Spasennikova M.G.
Abstract
The general trend of demographic aging of the population is reflected in the medical community. The main "target" of age-related changes are cognitive functions: perception, attention, thinking, memory, mental performance. These functions are basic for medical practice. Age-related weakening of cognitive functions leads to a decrease in the therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities of a doctor, and medical errors. The article traces the influence of cognitive impairments on the level of medical competence. At the same time, the prolongation of professional medical activity is the most important measure to compensate for the shortage of medical personnel, which is observed in many countries and in Russia. After age 65, clinicians are advised to test for cognitive impairment. In case of detection of cognitive disorders, a comprehensive examination is recommended, as well as a medical and social examination to determine the rational order of work. Continuous self-education is the leading way to prevent age lag among doctors. The development of a complex of educational, methodological and health-improving measures that inhibit the influence of involutive processes is an important vector for the development of modern health care and requires comprehensive support.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):96-103
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ORGANIZATION OF DENTAL CARE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE SPREAD OF NEW CORONAVIRUS INFECTION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE KHABAROVSK KRAI)
Gonchar V.V.
Abstract
The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the organization of state dental care in the context of the spread of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The author identifies medical, social and economic problems that arose in the daily activities of dental institutions during a pandemic. Attention is focused on new challenges in the organization of dental care: suspension of activities, forced downtime, self-isolation of medical workers and patients, social distance. Against this background, organizational changes were noted, namely, leaps in the development of information technology in medical organizations, including various services for remote appointment, regulation of patient flows, administration, issuance of certificates of incapacity for work and prescriptions in the form of an electronic document, as well as distance learning and professional training of specialists. The role of compliance with infectious safety in the organization of dental care is emphasized.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):104-109
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INSURANCE LITERACY AS AN ELEMENT OF MEDICAL LITERACY OF THE POPULATION
Abubakirov A.S.
Abstract
The article provides an overview of the theoretical provisions that define the concepts of «medical literacy» and «insurance medical literacy» in the system of modern scientific knowledge and publications of Russian and foreign authors. The main substantive elements of the concept of «medical literacy» are determined, the author's definition of the concept of «insurance medical literacy» and its place in the system of medical literacy are given. Medical literacy is defined as a system of competencies that ensure human life, the constituent elements of which are content and behavioral competencies. Content competencies include: hygiene literacy, health literacy, preventive literacy, medical literacy, rehabilitation (restorative) literacy. It is concluded that medical literacy is a fundamental component of all efforts to achieve health and well-being in modern society. Low level of medical literacy in general and insurance literacy in particular negatively affects people's health. Despite the fact that the formation of competencies in this area of knowledge continues to grow as critical determinants of health, they are not the object of deep and large-scale scientific research and practical action in the field of public health.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):110-115
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COVID-19: LESSONS OF VACCINATION
Spasennikov B.A.
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has highlighted a number of public health problems. Most of the world states were not ready to face this infection. The article is devoted to the problems of vaccination (COVID-19) in the Russian Federation. Scientific work is based on the interdisciplinary integration of medical, psychological, legal and sociological knowledge. A complex of reasons for the lag in vaccination of the population of Russia in comparison with other countries has been investigated. The reasons and conditions for the emergence of anti-scientific propaganda, which disorientated the population in the context of a pandemic, are described. State policy to explain the need for vaccination is inferior to campaigning for "anti-vaccination". It is shown that the principle of the revealed preferences of the ruling elites in relation to vaccination was almost not manifested. The reasons for the emergence of Covid dissidents are shown. Millions of people are not ready to change their attitude to health preservation in a short time. The ways of changing the mentality of the population associated with anti-vaccination moods have been formulated. It was propose to open the Russian market for foreign vaccines. The rationale for this proposal is given. The importance of well-thought-out campaigning for vaccination, promotion of appropriate sanitary and epidemiological measures, and health preservation was emphasized. Another difficult aspect of the problem is noted - vaccination of the rural population. Various ways of increasing the efficiency of immunization of the Russian population are shown. It is concluded that only the promotion of scientific knowledge can provide the maximum vaccination (revaccination) in Russia.
Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health. 2021;(3):116-125
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