Bulletin of Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health

Primary immunodeficiency (PID) conditions are a heterogeneous group of diseases manifesting under the guise of various clinical manifestations. The prevalence of PID is higher in the group of patients under 18 years of age, but it is also found in adulthood. The purpose of the publication was to search for publications on the epidemiology of PID, awareness of medical personnel about PID and immune reactions, as well as the impact of the disease on the quality of life of patients and their families. Literature search was carried out on the databases Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, PubMed, CyberLeninka, E-library. Current trends in the management of patients with PID are focused on the application of a multidisciplinary approach. Due to the high prevalence of PID in pediatric practice, the quality of life of patients with PID and their families decreases, manifested in the restriction of physical activity and the possibility of free movement, travel, social difficulties and psychological problems. School-age patients have learning difficulties. Therefore, a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis, treatment and long-term planning of the management of patients with PID is required, including the mandatory presence of clinical immunologists in the healthcare system.

Introduction. The quarantine measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, when most of the world's population was forced to stay at home, fuelled an increased interest in blogs dedicated to medical topics, including vaccination. However, at the moment, social media owners do not have a unified policy to combat misinformation present on their platforms, which can generate false content, such as the activity of «anti-vaccination» blogs
Objective: to find out the opinion of Internet users about the degree of influence of bloggers on the information field in the field of immunoprophylaxis.
Materials and methods. This study was conducted in June-July 2023. Information was collected through electronic distribution of the author's questionnaire to 118 subscribers of the most popular bloggers covering issues in the field of public and personal health, healthy lifestyle, and attitudes towards vaccination. Statistical analysis was carried out in Statistica 10 software using descriptive statistics methods.
Results. The article describes the results of the research on the influence of the information field in the field of immunoprophylaxis on public and personal health of respondents. At the same time, according to the respondents, the spheres of influence in the field of public health do not coincide with the spheres of influence in the field of personal health. Thus, 73.03% of respondents believe that bloggers' advice on the need to be vaccinated has an impact on the public health of the population as a whole. At the same time, 64.41% of respondents are convinced that the propaganda of «anti-vaccinators» in social networks also has a significant impact. Based on the analysis of Russian and foreign scientific literature, the authors systematised the main types and forms of medical blogs.
Conclusion. The medical blogosphere can act as an educational environment for the implementation of preventive health-saving technologies, including vaccination. The effectiveness and ethicality of the published content depends primarily on the form and type of the blog presented. In this regard, it is necessary to teach media communication technologies to bloggers who write about vaccination topics, including medical workers and government officials. Control over the spread of infodemics should be one of the primary tasks of the management of digital transformation processes in health care, as well as interagency management of the blogosphere.

The principles and approaches to the medical support of international sports competitions developed on the model at the XXVII World Summer Universiade 2013, which were applied at the matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup held in Kazan (Championship), are presented. A set of adapted measures was implemented to organize medical care, legal and resource support for competitions, and medical and sanitary measures in case of emergencies.
During the Championship, 2306 requests for medical assistance were recorded, including 236 requests from children. The proportion of injuries was 22.4%. In the structure of appeals for diseases, a significant share fell on diseases of the nervous system (23.1%), diseases of the respiratory system (20.2%), skin diseases (17.8%), diseases of the digestive system (12.6%). The largest number of requests was observed among viewers — 1346 cases or 58.4% of the total number of requests for medical assistance. The data obtained are of practical importance for international sporting events.

In our country, the basic organizational approaches to healthcare development, formulated by Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko, remain in demand, the implementation of which ensured the sustainability of the public health system and the ability to quickly solve problems at various historical stages. Over the two decades of the XXI century, a basic set of scientifically based ideas about modern requirements for management in medical organizations has been formed and implemented. At the same time, today there is a need to improve the strategy for the development and management of medical organizations in the context of modern socio-economic, geopolitical changes and infectious and epidemiological risks.

In crisis situations (pandemic, SVO), the role of the medical profession increases. It is in crisis situations that people need help, and doctors and medical workers have to work in especially tense conditions and with a greater load.
The study is devoted to the study of the emotional characteristics of health workers in the process of professional activities in the SVO. The study involved health workers working with patients in the zone of a special military operation. Conclusions were drawn about the severity of emotional burnout, stress resistance and personal characteristics of health workers in this group.

Arterial hypertension (AH) is a socially significant problem, which is associated with its high prevalence, high risk of developing severe complications and the leading role of social factors in the etiology of this syndrome. The formation of arterial hypertension is influenced by two categories of factors: non-modifiable and modifiable. Of particular importance is the study of the influence of risk factors on the development of arterial hypertension in young people (18—25 years old), which is important for the prevention of the occurrence of this pathology and its complications. This article provides an overview of the influence of lifestyle factors on the development of arterial hypertension in students, based on an analysis of domestic and foreign studies.

The purpose of this study was to study aspects of the regulatory framework for the diagnostic and treatment process of the activities of a general practitioner, which impede his strengthening in primary care as a multidisciplinary specialist. Materials and methods. An analysis of regulatory legal documents regulating the activities of general practitioners and local therapists was carried out. Results. The analysis did not reveal a scientific justification for the distribution of a particular medical specialty to the first or second level of primary care; the indications for prescribing consultations with specialist doctors by local therapists and GPs have not been determined; In the recommended algorithms for patient management, there are no differences for local therapists and GPs in terms of prescribing consultations with medical specialists. Conclusion. The identified gaps in the regulatory framework for the activities of general practitioners and local therapists hinder the development of general medical practice and require adjustments with a scientific justification for the differences in their functionality and a clear definition of indications for prescribing consultations with specialist doctors.

The article examines the state of food supply of the Soviet people in the recovery period after the Great Patriotic War in 1946—1948. It is shown that, along with the primary goal of restoring cities and villages destroyed by Nazi Germany, the national economy, the task of feeding people and saving them from starvation was no less important. At the same time, the strategy and measures implemented by the Soviet government for this purpose have a stable negative assessment in historiography. However, a number of authors believe that with the advent of declassified data, the problem needs an objective and impartial study. The presented work reveals the priorities of the state in the rehabilitation of the national economy, insufficient measures to restore the food industry and, consequently, to supply food to the population. The conclusions of researchers who consider the allocation of minimal resources by the state to combat hunger to be a forced measure due to the need, in particular, to spend money on the prevention of external threats are supported. Various opinions of researchers on the causes of hunger are given. The scale of the famine with huge victims is emphasized. The significance of the introduction of the card system, the only possible way out of the existing plight at that terrible time, is demonstrated. An explanation is given for the contradictory views of scientists on the meaning of monetary reform, depending on the time of writing and their vision of the events of those distant and tragic years. The narrative of the events held by the Soviet government in those years, their negative and positive sides, in particular “uncompromising Bolshevism“, manifested in a number of regions, turning into a negative outcome, is presented. Data on the nutritional status of children are presented, using the example of the Kuibyshev region, typical for the whole country, the difference in the duration of hunger in the USSR as a whole and in individual regions. The problem of food supply to the population and the state of nutrition of the population, unlike other studies on this topic, has been subjected to a comprehensive analysis in the whole country and in the context of individual regions

Based on the study of documents from the archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the N.F.Gamalei Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, literary materials, the biography of N.I.Latyshev has been substantially supplemented, disparate facts of his life have been clarified and brought together, inaccuracies made in other publications have been corrected. The stages and periods of the scientist's research activity are traced. The role of Pavlovsky in his formation and development is highlighted. The importance of repeated experiments with self-infection, which occupied an important place in the comprehension of NI, is noted. The Latvian nature of infectious diseases, the search for ways to combat them. The monograph «The Doctrine of cutaneous leishmaniasis» is defined as the pinnacle of literary scientific creativity of N.I.Latyshev. The practical activity of the scientist is characterized by significant achievements in decisive and skillful large-scale organizational and sanitary-preventive measures, in which N.I.Latyshev often acted as a pioneer, in the fight against the spread and elimination of large endemic foci of infectious diseases.

The main stages of the scientific biography of the doctor, scientist and inventor, head of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of the faculty of advanced training of doctors of the Donetsk State Medical Institute named after. A.M. Gorky Alexander Alexandrovich Vishnevsky. Based on archival materials, the inventive activity for the creation of an original photometric hysterograph, a complex device “Physiograph-1” and other devices was studied. The development of methods for monitoring the condition of patients, scientific and social activities of A.A. Vishnevsky during his work in Donetsk (1964—1969) described.

The article presents the organization and formation of sanitary education in the field of dentistry in the 20-30s of the twentieth century among the population of Russia, aimed at disseminating medical knowledge on proper hygienic care of teeth and oral mucous membranes. In order to educate and consolidate children's hygiene skills, posters were widely used in the classroom for visualization.

The article presents the anniversary and memorable dates of the history of medicine in 2024.

Introduction. The lack of universal methodological approaches to assessing the level of maturity of medical organizations that are poorly adapted to project activities in modern conditions is a relevant subject of discussion in this article.
The purpose of the research question was to determine, using the Matrix, the level of organizational maturity of project management by a medical organization associated with the project management system to determine a strategy for proactive development.
Materials and methods. Data from medical organizations implementing regional projects were analyzed. The information base for the study was federal and regional regulatory legal acts published in the legislative reference and legal systems of the Russian Federation, and electronic resources.
Results. Each medical organization implementing projects has its own internal resources, which determines further tactics and the chosen strategy to achieve its goals. The defining components of a project management system, on the one hand, are: the organizational structure, the level of competence of employees, the technologies used and the formalization of processes. On the other hand, the elements of organizational maturity are best design practices, their assessment with the possibility of integration, prospects for improvement with subsequent analysis of the results.
The Matrix for assessing the organizational maturity of the project management model proposed by the author serves as a kind of catalyst that determines the adaptability of a medical organization to the implementation of projects in the present for the long-term prediction of results in the future.
The current assessment of the level of maturity of project management will allow a medical organization to make a transition to a new level of development, respond more dynamically to changes in the external environment, and also effectively use its own internal reserves, and therefore be competitive.
Conclusions. The leading role in the proactive development of a medical organization is played by the level of project organizational maturity of project management (current and target), which is a tool for determining the actual state of project activities to create conditions for improving the quality of management in the future.

The purpose of the study: to perform an analysis compliance as a social characteristic of a patient in the formation of his assessment of the professional qualities of a doctor. Materials and methods. The data for the analysis were obtained by questioning 502 patients of medical organizations in Moscow providing medical care in outpatient settings. The first group (the main one) included patients with a high level of compliance — 197 patients. The second group (control) included patients with a low level of compliance — 131 patients. Taking into account the nonparametric distribution of primary data, a nonparametric analogue of the correlation coefficient, the association coefficient, was used to identify the relationship, and the criterion of the reliability of differences was used to compare groups. Results. Patients who were more committed to treatment (compliant) trusted formal criteria more, such as having a qualification category or an academic degree. Regardless of the degree of compliance when choosing a doctor, patients most appreciate the feedback of patients who have already been treated by this doctor. The second most important was the previous experience of contacting this doctor, and this was of great importance among the patients of the main group. Such patients were more based on their opinion, despite the fact that they might not have had experience of contacting this doctor. They are more likely to listen to the opinions of other doctors, ratings of doctors on the websites of medical organizations and virtual patients (reviews on the Internet), in respect of which the degree of trust is certainly lower. Mass media and advertising have almost no meaning when choosing a doctor for patients. When choosing a medical organization, patients are primarily guided by the presence of competent specialists in the staff of the organization and a good reputation of the medical organization. These signs were more important among patients with a high degree of compliance. For such patients, a clear organization of work was important and they regarded these signs as more important compared to patients with a low degree of compliance. Geographical and temporal accessibility, as well as the cheapness of paid services, were of less importance.